indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis); qilin (Chinese unicorn)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
Japanese mugwort (Artemisia princeps); mugwort (any plant of genus Artemisia); wormwood; sagebrush
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
stand; rack; support; holder; counter for machines, incl. vehicles; setting (e.g. in jewellery); level (e.g. price level)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
vista; view; scene; counter for scenes (in a play)
giving orders to someone and making use of him; servant
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only