country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis); qilin (Chinese unicorn)
giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis); qilin (Chinese unicorn); (arch.) horse that can ride 1000 ri in a day
eggs; egg; (hen's) egg; (an expert) in the making; beginning; origin
phala (attained state, result); enlightenment (as the fruits of one's Buddhist practice); fruit; counter for pieces of fruit
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
eclipse (solar, lunar, etc.)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Japanese mugwort (Artemisia princeps); mugwort (any plant of genus Artemisia); wormwood; sagebrush
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
oh; ho; exclamation of surprise, admiration, etc.; hoo (owl call); toot (sound of a flute)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Mount Penglai; Penglai Island; sacred mountain (e.g. Mount Fuji, Mount Kumano, etc.); Kansai New Year decoration (made from food); Formosa; Taiwan
to drain; to pour; to wash away; to distribute (e.g. electricity over wires, music over a PA system, etc.); to circulate; to cruise (e.g. taxi); to float
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
palace; tonic (of the Japanese and Chinese pentatonic scale); ancient Chinese punishment (castration for men, or confinement for women); zodiacal sign
whole; entirety; whatever (is the matter)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
deep; profound; dense; thick; close (relationship); intense; strong
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to wrap up; to pack; to cover; to envelop; to conceal (a feeling); to hide
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
female ghost; female apparition; female monster
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
existence; being; survival; to exist; to live; to survive
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
stand; rack; support; holder; counter for machines, incl. vehicles; setting (e.g. in jewellery); level (e.g. price level)
discovery; detection; finding
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid