Eh?; What?; Come on!; Damn!
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
request; commission; entrusting (with a matter); dependence; reliance
institution; establishment; facility; home (for elderly, orphans, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
town; city; municipal; urban
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
feeling; sense; impression
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ceiling; ceiling price; (price) ceiling
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
person's origin (e.g. city, country, parentage, school)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
reason; logic; sense; truth; right
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
slowness; inertness; inability; lack of talent; dullness
too much; excessively; too
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to encourage; to cheer; to raise (the voice)