indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become less crowded; to thin out; to get empty; to be hungry
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
uni-; single; unitary; sole
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
artificial intelligence; AI
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
increase; multiplication; propagation; proliferation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
genuine article; real thing; real deal
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
alone; by oneself; on one's own
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
duty; responsibility (incl. supervision of staff); liability; onus