ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
particle used to indicate the speaker's hope, desire, wish, etc. (e.g. "it would be nice if ...", "I wish there were ...", etc.); emphatic particle; particle adding uncertainty
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
carelessly; thoughtlessly; inadvertently
such; like that; that sort of; very
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
opposite side; other side; over there; that way; the other party; the other person
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
consequence; outcome; result; blame
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to let (someone) hear; to tell (e.g. a story); to make (someone) listen; to make (someone) understand; to grip (someone) with skilful singing, storytelling, etc.; to hold (someone) enchanted by
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me