indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fall flat; to collapse in a heap
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
root (of a plant); root (of a tooth, hair, etc.); center (of a pimple, etc.); root (of all evil, etc.); source; one's true nature
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stuff into; to jam; to shorten; to move closer together; to reduce (spending); to conserve; to focus intently on
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
rescue worker; emergency rescue team member; ambulance attendant; paramedic
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be a matter of life or death
feeling; sense; impression
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
show jumping (equestrian event)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
riding ground; racecourse; racetrack
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
iris (flower); Siberian iris (Iris sanguinea); (arch.) sweet flag (Acorus calamus); (arch.) calamus
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately
to come and see (someone, something); to visit
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
divine spirit; spirit of the dead