indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
father; dad; husband; you; he
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
scrunchie; hair tie covered in fabric
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
fight; fighting spirit; fight!; do your best
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
match; game; bout; contest
practice game; practice match; scrimmage; workout
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)