indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
honorific/polite/humble prefix
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in that way; thus; so; so?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to take (someone) with one; to bring along; to go with; to be accompanied by
(common) cold; influenza; flu; ague; inflammatory respiratory system illness (in general)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
how; in what way; how about