evening; last night; yesterday evening
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates supposition; if ... then; when; (typically after someone's name) indicates exasperation
pillow; bolster; introduction (e.g. to a rakugo story); lead-in
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to speak; to tell; to talk
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Bible; the Scriptures; Holy Writ
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
feast; treating (someone); to treat (someone, e.g. to a meal)
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen