indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
long thin brown "naoko" mushroom
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
photograph; photo; picture; moving picture; movie
taking a commemorative photo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
upper lip; philtrum; under one's nose; mouth
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
kana; Japanese syllabary (i.e. hiragana, katakana)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
myself; yourself; I; me; you
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that