indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
master; teacher; stable master
your Excellency; his Excellency; her Excellency
android; artificial human; robot