indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
favour; favor; favourite; favorite; patron; supporter
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
(your) business; (your) concern; (customer's) order; official business (of the government, Imperial Court, etc.); arrest; capture
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
large quantity; massive (quantity); mass (e.g. mass production, mass transit, mass destruction)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
disposal; throwing away; dealing with (a problem); measure; punishment; penalty
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
grateful; thankful; welcome; appreciated; evoking gratitude
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
splendid; nice; sufficient; fine (in the sense of "I'm fine"); well enough; OK
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately
to greet; to call out (to); to invite; to get in touch (with); to cheer (on); to give vocal support (to)
to hold in one's arms (e.g. a baby); to embrace; to have sex with; to make love to; to sit on (eggs); to brood
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?