indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
headquarters; head office; main office
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
suffix for familiar person
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling