indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
alone; by oneself; on one's own
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
large quantity; massive (quantity); mass (e.g. mass production, mass transit, mass destruction)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
detection; sense (e.g. sensor)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
nectar; honey; honeydew; treacle; molasses; sorbitol (when visible as dark patches inside an apple)
to smell; to smell of; to have a smell
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
opposite; opposition; versus; vs.; to (e.g. "winning a game five to three"); equal footing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
reliable; dependable; trustworthy; sure
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
heh-heh; hee-hee; ha ha; (arch.) female genitals; (arch.) vagina; (arch.) vulva
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
the end; closing; being done for; that's it; that's enough; that's all
oh; ho; exclamation of surprise, admiration, etc.; hoo (owl call); toot (sound of a flute)