indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
descendant (usu. of a certain generation); (arch.) lineage; (arch.) pedigree; (arch.) grandchild
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
ghost; apparition; phantom; spectre; specter; demon
suffix for familiar person
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
adds force or indicates command
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
quiet; silent; slow; unhurried; calm; peaceful
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen