indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
shape; form; appearance; state; situation; suitable
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to go upstream; to go back (in time, to origin); to date back to; to trace back to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
I Doubt It (card game); Cheat; Bullshit; I doubt that; no way; you're fibbing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
surplus; margin; leeway; composure; placidity; complacency
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
some time ago; recently; lately; last (Sunday, etc.); previous
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to learn by experience; to learn one's lesson; to learn the hard way; to be discouraged (by); to have enough (of); to be disgusted (with)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
thank you (for the meal); that was a delicious meal; thank you (for displaying lovey-dovey behaviour)
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
revenge; making a new attempt where one previously failed; determination of a loser to win the next time
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to one's heart's content; as much as one wants; as hard as one can; resolution; decisiveness; determination
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
always; all the time; never; usual; regular