indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to make a mistake (in); to commit an error (e.g. in calculation); to confuse; to mistake something for something else
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
to resolve to do; to make up one's mind to do; to set one's heart on; to have one's heart set on
to do over again; to redo; to start over; to remake; to resume; to recommence
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do for (someone); to take in; to deceive; to hoodwink
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be caught; to be captured; to be taken prisoner; to be seized with (fear, etc.); to be a slave to; to stick to
to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
in that way; thus; so; so?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
opposite side; other side; over there; that way; the other party; the other person
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
(some) more; even more; longer; further
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
sixth month of the lunar calendar (approx. July); June; sixth month of Gregorian calendar; triangles of sweet rice jelly topped with adzuki beans (eaten in the sixth month)
primary school; elementary school; grade school
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
child prodigy; infant genius; wonder child
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk