yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
to fold (clothes, umbrella); to close (a shop, business); to vacate
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
oh; ho; exclamation of surprise, admiration, etc.; hoo (owl call); toot (sound of a flute)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
cartoon; comic; comic strip; manga
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
rice cracker; senbei; Japanese cracker; rice cookie; wafer
here I am; I'm home!; presently; right away; right now
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
such; this sort of; like this
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
coolness; calmness; composure; all right; fine; OK
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to scold; to chide; to rebuke; to reprimand
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis