indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
group; party; team; squad; section
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
professional killer; hit man
pornographic photo book; erotic photo book; pornographic comic book; hentai comic book
in that way; thus; so; so?
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all