thick; deep; kind; cordial; serious (of an illness); abundant
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
such; this sort of; like this
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
mountain (or hill) behind a house, village, etc.; side of a mountain that gets little sunshine; envious; jealous
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
(swimming) pool; pool (billiards); pool (together)
book; volume; this; present; main; head
school building; schoolhouse
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
water's edge; beach; shore
some time ago; recently; lately; last (Sunday, etc.); previous
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
to be open (to traffic); to lead to; to flow (liquid, current); to pass; to be understood; to be comprehended; to be honored
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
useless; no future in it; doesn't make sense; having no point
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
almost every day; almost daily
somehow (or other); for some reason; without knowing why; something (or other); some ... or other
to try; to attempt; to have a go (at something)