indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
dessert stomach; having room for dessert despite being full
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
bone; frame; outline; core; backbone; spirit
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
deer (esp. the sika deer, Cervus nippon); cervid
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
show (of power, ability, etc.); exhibition; demonstration; display; manifestation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
child; boy; (arch.) I; (arch.) me