indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
rule; regulation; settlement; conclusion; habit; custom
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
aid; assistance; help; cheering; rooting (for); support
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
pulverization; pulverisation; smashing; demolishing
deck (e.g. ship, tape, cassette, observation, train vestibule)
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
president (of a society); chairman
supreme ruler; autocrat; dynast; high king
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
older sister; lass; young lady
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
life; existence; (one's) working life; career; life force; lifeblood
spell; curse; dharani; mantra
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
war; battle; match; game; competition
tearing up and discarding (e.g. documents); disposal (e.g. weaponry); annulment; cancellation; reversal (of an original ruling)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...