indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
justice; right; righteousness; correct meaning; correct explanation
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
rule; regulation; settlement; conclusion; habit; custom
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
evil; wickedness; (role of) the villain (in theatre, etc.); the bad guy
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
dragon (as depicted in Western myths)
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
adds force or indicates command
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
myself; yourself; I; me; you
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
putting into operation; invocation
hero; heroine; Eroica Symphony (Beethoven, 1804); Heroic Polonaise (Chopin)
bonze; monk; monk's dwelling; boy; son; I; me
attack; assault; attempt; try
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)