indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
elegance; grace; article; item; counter for items (of food, etc.); counter for dishes or courses (at a restaurant)
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
dragon (as depicted in Western myths)
deck (e.g. ship, tape, cassette, observation, train vestibule)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
rice seasoning (usu. containing fish meal, seaweed, sesame, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
(one's) older brother; young man; sonny; lad
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
putting into operation; invocation
president (of a society); chairman
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you