indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
(arch.) poor; (arch.) unskillful; (arch.) clumsy; I; me
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
magic; Magic Marker; felt-tip pen; magic number
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
dragon (as depicted in Western myths)
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
attack; assault; attempt; try
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
adds force or indicates command
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
volume (of book); reel (of film); scroll (of books or paintings); roll (paper, etc.)
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
the end; closing; being done for; that's it; that's enough; that's all
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...