indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
attribute; property; context; character class, type, fetish, etc.
red; crimson; red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange); Red (i.e. communist); red light (traffic); red ink (i.e. in finance or proof-reading); (in) the red
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
phosphorescent light; mysterious lights on the sea; sea fire
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
blocking (e.g. the way); obstructing; block (lump of something (usu. square), area of town, etc.); block; physical record (e.g. on magnetic tape); concrete block; blocking (from view, esp. of websites, on social media, etc.)
attack; assault; attempt; try
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
floating; buoyancy; fishing float; bobber; buoy; lifebuoy
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
trick; contrivance; cleverness
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
armoring; armouring; armor; armour
rudeness; impoliteness; discourtesy; insolence
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
fatigue; weariness; exhaustion; tiredness