indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
god (esp. the Christian God)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
myself; yourself; I; me; you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
show (of power, ability, etc.); exhibition; demonstration; display; manifestation
deck (e.g. ship, tape, cassette, observation, train vestibule)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
attack; assault; attempt; try
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
adds force or indicates command
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.); type; style; mold (mould); template; kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)
counter for flat objects (e.g. sheets of paper); (arch.) counter for positions or roles; (arch.) counter for food portions (now only gyōza and soba); counter for ranking level
to sink (e.g. a ship); to submerge; to lower (e.g. one's body into a chair); to floor (an opponent)
(in gagaku or noh) middle section of a song
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk