indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
attack; assault; attempt; try
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country in civil war; country disarrayed by war; Warring States period (Japan, China); competiton in which there are several evenly-matched participants; hotly-contested game (match, market, etc.)
inhuman; immoral; unreasonable; outrageous; wicked
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
core; core; hardcore; all-out
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
show (of power, ability, etc.); exhibition; demonstration; display; manifestation
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
edge (of a knife or sword); prong (of an electrical plug)
two reams (of paper); 1000 sheets (of paper); stanza; verse; tribe (in taxonomy); forecast (bet); bet which predicts the top 2 finishers (i.e. quinella or perfecta bet)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
adds force or indicates command
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)