indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
attack; assault; attempt; try
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
other self; alter ego; part of oneself (in someone or something else); incarnations of Buddha
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
suffix for familiar person
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
magic; Magic Marker; felt-tip pen; magic number
preliminary contest; qualifying round; trial; heat; primary
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
show (of power, ability, etc.); exhibition; demonstration; display; manifestation
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
(arch.) poor; (arch.) unskillful; (arch.) clumsy; I; me
country in civil war; country disarrayed by war; Warring States period (Japan, China); competiton in which there are several evenly-matched participants; hotly-contested game (match, market, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
broadcast(ing) satellite; BS; satellite television