indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
green; greenery (esp. fresh verdure)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
suffix for familiar person
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
great speed; extreme speed; swiftness
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
attack; assault; attempt; try
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
(arch.) poor; (arch.) unskillful; (arch.) clumsy; I; me
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
honorific/polite/humble prefix
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last