root (of a plant); root (of a tooth, hair, etc.); center (of a pimple, etc.); root (of all evil, etc.); source; one's true nature
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give one's name (as); to introduce oneself (as); to claim to be; to call oneself; to reveal oneself (as); to admit to being
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
resuscitation; regeneration; reformation; rehabilitation; playback; regeneration (sound, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
condition; term; requirement; qualification; prerequisite
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
release; unleashing; liberation; deallocation (of computer memory)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
chalk (mineral); white wall
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
crisis; critical situation; emergency; pinch
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
position in a game of go or shogi; state of the game; aspect of an affair; situation
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
deep affection; dear; beloved
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
people; citizens; subjects; folk
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
no sleep or rest; working day and night
manual labor; manual labour; toil; Labour Party
other; another; over; more than; I; me
to take pride in; to pride oneself; to be proud of