indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
chalk (mineral); white wall
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
miraculous deed; unmeasurable resourcefulness
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
ghost; specter; spectre; apparition; phantom
attack; assault; attempt; try
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
fortress; stronghold; citadel