indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
bone; frame; outline; core; backbone; spirit
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan); sappanwood dye (red in colour); layered colour (light brown on the front, dark red beneath)
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
war; battle; match; game; competition
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
attack; assault; attempt; try
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
question; inquiry; enquiry
green; greenery (esp. fresh verdure)
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
charge (electrical); recharging; charge (fee); topping up (a contactless smart card); recharging; refuelling; charge