indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
shooting (a ball); shot (on basket, at goal, etc.); shoot (of a tree or plant); chute; shuuto; shootball
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
adds force or indicates command
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
training; practice; discipline; ascetic practices
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
incredible; unbelievable; terrific; impressive
special training; intensive training; crash course
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in that way; thus; so; so?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
rotation (usu. around something); revolution; turning
mum; mom; mummy; the missus
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
speed; velocity; pace; velocity
one's self-possession; one's presence of mind
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit