indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
adds force or indicates command
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
shooting (a ball); shot (on basket, at goal, etc.); shoot (of a tree or plant); chute; shuuto; shootball
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
now; the present time; just now; another; more
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
all one's power (strength, energy, efforts); one's utmost
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
heron with all-white plumage (incl. egrets); white heron
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
how; in what way; how about
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort