indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
adds force or indicates command
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
vocal (performance); vocals; singing; vocalist; singer
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
than; from; out of; except; but; more
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof