indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
indies; independent film, music, publishing, etc.
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
compact disk; CD; cash dispenser; (negotiable) certificate of deposit
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
time; hour; period; class
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to breathe out; to breathe; to tell (a lie); to use (foul language); to vomit; to throw up
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
how; in what way; how about
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
concentration; focusing; convergence; within a collection of works
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to shut one's eyes; to ignore; to pretend not to know; to die
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
base; basis; base (e.g. military); depot; base; base bag
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
is something wrong?; what's wrong?; what's the matter?; slightest; mere; trivial
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
considerably; fairly; quite
to get angry; to get mad; to tell someone off; to scold; to be angular; to be square
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)