indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
notebook; copy-book; note; noting down; (musical) note; laptop (computer)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
name; given name; first name
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
genuine article; real thing; real deal
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
snare; trap (for catching wild game, etc.); trap (i.e. ruse, subterfuge, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
human being; human; person; character (of a person)