longevity celebration; old age anniversary
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
should; must; -able; probably; likely
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
drop (e.g. of water); drip
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
frame (e.g. picture frame, decorative door frame, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
after (practically) no time; immediately after; just; having no time to
Tenpyō era (729.8.5-749.4.14); Tenbyō era; Tenhei era
sake cup; cup for alcoholic beverages; counter for cupfuls, bowlfuls, spoonfuls, etc.; counter for boats; counter for octopuses and squid; cup (in sports)
championship game; finals (of a tournament); deciding round
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
to feel nervous; to feel afraid; to be startled; to be surprised; (arch.) to be shy; (arch.) to be bashful
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to wheeze; to breathe with difficulty; to gasp
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout