junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
(social) position; status
suffix for familiar person
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
lead; leading; lead (of a newspaper, etc.); lede; lead (wire); lead (e.g. dog); leash
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
alternately; by turns; one after the other
part; assigning (allotment of) parts; role; duties
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
alternation; change; relief; relay; shift; substitution (sports, etc.)
while; during; while; although; all; both
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
leader; reader; reading book; reader (i.e. someone who reads); microreader; dotted line (in printing)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...