indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
follow; following (on social media, esp. Twitter); follow-up; following up; backing-up; covering for; follow-up shot
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
willingness (e.g. to do something); eagerness; motivation; inspiration; determination; high aspirations
to disappear; to vanish; to go; to leave; to die
to fish; to angle; to catch; to lure in; to tempt; to attract
how; in what way; how about
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
frame (e.g. picture frame, decorative door frame, etc.)
answer; reply; response; answer; solution; result
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
social dance; ballroom dancing
honorific/polite/humble prefix
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances
platform; podium; (ceremonial) mound; world (of haiku, art, etc.); (literary) circles; (arch.) mandala