indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; what sort of thing; everything; anything; what (on earth)?; what's the meaning of this ...?
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
obsession; fixation; complaining; criticizing; speciality (e.g. of restaurants)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to challenge to (a fight, game, etc.); to throw down the gauntlet; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to attempt; to pressure (someone) for sex; to make advances to
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
extravagant; lavish; opulent; luxurious; magnificent; splendid
to feel; to sense; to experience
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
level; standard; water level
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
day by day; by the day; (arch.) daily; (arch.) every day
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
understood; I see; OK; present; here
it's been a long time; long time no see
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
space; room; vacancy; opening; free time; time to spare
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am
cup (drinking vessel, measure, brassiere, prize, etc.)
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
foreign; abroad; overseas
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
older sister; elder sister
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
shape; form; appearance; state; situation; suitable
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few