indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
folding book; counter for units of paper and nori (48 pages of Mino paper; 20 pages of hanshi; 10 sheets of nori); counter for folding books, folding screens, shields, etc.; counter for pairs (of curtains); counter for tatami mats
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
carapace; shell; 1st in rank; grade A; instep; back of hand
congratulation; celebration
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
hazy; dim; faint; minced fish or meat that is seasoned and fried
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
Iga (former province located in the west of present-day Mie Prefecture)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to say; to be called; to do
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
in that way; thus; so; so?
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
to make a decision; to draw a conclusion; to give a judgement; to hand down a verdict; to let go down; to lower; to do oneself
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
now; the present time; just now; another; more
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
to untie; to unfasten; to unsew; to unstitch; to solve; to work out; to dispel (misunderstanding, etc.)
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff