indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
carapace; shell; 1st in rank; grade A; instep; back of hand
congratulation; celebration
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to say; to be called; to do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
adds force or indicates command
hazy; dim; faint; minced fish or meat that is seasoned and fried
Iga (former province located in the west of present-day Mie Prefecture)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
how; in what way; how about
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
than; from; out of; except; but; more
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style