indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
carapace; shell; 1st in rank; grade A; instep; back of hand
congratulation; celebration
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Iga (former province located in the west of present-day Mie Prefecture)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
hazy; dim; faint; minced fish or meat that is seasoned and fried
folding book; counter for units of paper and nori (48 pages of Mino paper; 20 pages of hanshi; 10 sheets of nori); counter for folding books, folding screens, shields, etc.; counter for pairs (of curtains); counter for tatami mats
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
guard on sword, polearms, etc.; flange; brim; visor (e.g. of a hat)
hidden; concealed; unknown; passing away; dying; death
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
than; from; out of; except; but; more
swastika (esp. counterclockwise form as a Buddhist symbol); fylfot; swastika-shaped family crest; wow; yeah
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
honorific/polite/humble prefix
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah