indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
Iga (former province located in the west of present-day Mie Prefecture)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
carapace; shell; 1st in rank; grade A; instep; back of hand
congratulation; celebration
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in that way; thus; so; so?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
honorific/polite/humble prefix
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
than; from; out of; except; but; more
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
guard on sword, polearms, etc.; flange; brim; visor (e.g. of a hat)
hazy; dim; faint; minced fish or meat that is seasoned and fried