indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hazy; dim; faint; minced fish or meat that is seasoned and fried
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
carapace; shell; 1st in rank; grade A; instep; back of hand
congratulation; celebration
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
Iga (former province located in the west of present-day Mie Prefecture)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
adds force or indicates command
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point