indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
honorific/polite/humble prefix
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
reason; logic; sense; natural way of things
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
carapace; shell; 1st in rank; grade A; instep; back of hand
congratulation; celebration
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
ray (any fish of superorder Batoidea)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
adds force or indicates command
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
art; technique; means; way; trick; trap
how; in what way; how about; questionable
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage