indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
Ministry of Justice (in Tang-dynasty China)
Iga (former province located in the west of present-day Mie Prefecture)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
dad; daddy; papa; pa; pop
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
adds force or indicates command
carapace; shell; 1st in rank; grade A; instep; back of hand
pity; sympathy; compassion; affection; love
congratulation; celebration
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
haze (esp. in spring); mist; dimness (of sight)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember