indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to respond; to answer; to meet (e.g. demands, expectations); to affect; to take a toll; to strike home
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to mince; to cut fine; to carve; to engrave; to tick away (time); to beat out (e.g. rhythm); to etch (into one's mind)
to mix; to stir; to blend
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates supposition; if ... then; when; (typically after someone's name) indicates exasperation
simple chicken and rice stir fry dish (usu. flavoured with ketchup or tomato puree)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
standard item; usual thing; (a) classic; basic item (with stable demand); staple goods
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
honorific/polite/humble prefix
manjū; steamed yeast bun with filling
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
sweet-tasting; sweet; fragrant (smelling); sweet (music); lightly salted; light in salt; naive
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
adds force or indicates command
won't; hasn't; isn't; won't you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
this (very thing); this precisely
mom's home cooking; taste of mom's cooking; taste of home cooking; food like mom used to make
nikujaga; meat and potato stew
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
skin; hide; rind; peel; shell; sheath
flesh; meat; flesh (of a fruit); pulp; the physical body (as opposed to the spirit); flesh; thickness
to disappear into; to be lost in; to do something under the cover of (confusion, etc.); to be almost indistinguishable; to be confusingly similar; to be diverted from (negative emotions, etc.)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
sweetness; sugary taste; sweets; dessert; cake
exactly; precisely; just; as if; as though; quite